Letter of last resort: New Britain PM Theresa May to write the customary secret letter today

After a tumultuous few weeks in British politics, Theresa May officially became Britain’s prime minister on Wednesday.

The day was full of tradition and pomp. May became the 13th prime minister to air-kiss the hand of the queen, who is 90 years old.

But aside from all the pageantry, there’s some serious weight to the day. Not only will May have to form a functioning government and deal with Britain’s eventual exit from the European Union — she will also soon have to write a “letter of last resort” for use in the event of a devastating nuclear attack on Britain, reports The Washington Post.

This letter is a handwritten note to the commanders of Trident missile submarines on patrol. These four submarines carry nuclear-armed intercontinental ballistic missiles that could cause a devastating atomic explosion halfway across the world: Since 1998, they have been Britain’s sole operating nuclear weapons system. At least one of these submarines is always on patrol in a secret location, ready to fire its weapons should something calamitous happen.

In theory, only Britain’s prime minister or a second designated person (chosen by the prime minister but not publicly identified) can give the launch order. The letter of last resort is designed to give instructions if both are no longer alive or are completely out of contact. It is placed in a safe in each submarine, only to be opened if Britain’s government is wiped out.

The letter details a number of different options for reactions in different scenarios. The Guardian reports that options are said to include things like “Retaliate” or “Put yourself under the command of the U.S., if it is still there.” The truth is that extremely few people know exactly what is in these letters; there has never been a situation where they have had to be opened. The letters are destroyed after the prime minister in question leaves office and replaced by a new letter.

Robin Butler, a former cabinet secretary who had briefed two prime ministers on how to write the letter, explained to the BBC in 2010 just how “desperately” secret they were: “I mean they are clearly really secret because the whole point of a nuclear deterrent is … your enemy doesn’t know what he may incur if he attacks you, and so these are highly secret things, and only one person, who is the initiator of them, knows what the orders are, and that is the prime minister.”

That is known is that May will be asked to write the letter as soon as she takes office. She will meet with the chief of the defense staff, who will explain, in detail, the damage such a nuclear strike could cause. It’s obviously a tough moment for the new prime minister. May has to write an unusually intimate handwritten letter that assumes not only that she and many other Britons have already been killed but that also could condemn millions of other people to their own deaths.

Speaking to the Daily Mail in 2008, Charles Guthrie, former chief of the defense staff, explained that Tony Blair had become “quite quiet” when it came to making the decision. “I think quite honestly, like most prime ministers, he hadn’t given a huge amount of thought to what this really meant. And it is actually an awesome responsibility,” Guthrie said. “It really comes home to you that he could, if the circumstances demanded it, create devastation on a huge scale.”

US’ Nuclear Football
United States (US) has a “president’s emergency satchel,” the so-called nuclear “Football”—portable and hand-carried—is built around a sturdy aluminum frame, encased in black leather. A retired Football, emptied of its top-secret inner contents, is currently on display at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History. “We were looking for something that would demonstrate the incredible military power and responsibilities of the president, and we struck upon this iconic object,” says curator Harry Rubenstein.

Contrary to popular belief, the Football does not actually contain a big red button for launching a nuclear war. Its primary purpose is to confirm the president’s identity, and it allows him to communicate with the National Military Command Center in the Pentagon, which monitors worldwide nuclear threats and can order an instant response. The Football also provides the commander in chief with a simplified menu of nuclear strike options—allowing him to decide, for example, whether to destroy all of America’s enemies in one fell swoop or to limit himself to obliterating only Moscow or Pyongyang or Beijing.

Russia’s Cheget

The event of a nuclear missile attack on Russia, three hard-shell briefcases filled with electronics are set to alert their holders simultaneously. Inside each is a portable terminal, linked to the command and control network for Russia’s strategic nuclear forces. One of them accompanies the Russian president, Dmitry Medvedev, wherever he goes. It is known as the Cheget, and allows the president to monitor a missile crisis, make decisions, and transmit those decisions to the military. It’s similar to the nuclear “football” that accompanies the American president.

Though Prime Minister Narendra Modi has his fingers on the country’s nuclear button India does not have an elaborate nuclear command, control and communications system like the US, with its primary, alternative and even airborne national military command centres and posts.